The Muslim Brotherhood: Threat to Global Peace?

 The Muslim Brotherhood: 

Threat to Global Peace?

The Muslim Brotherhood is an Islamist organization founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna. It started as a religious, social, and political movement with the aim of promoting Islamic values and advocating for an Islamic government guided by Sharia law. Over time, it grew into a significant political force in several Middle Eastern countries, including Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, influencing Islamic movements worldwide.

Goals and Ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood:

1. Islam as a Comprehensive System: The Muslim Brotherhood views Islam as a complete way of life, encompassing political, social, economic, and legal aspects. They believe that Islamic governance should be rooted in Sharia law.
2. Political Activism: The Brotherhood advocates for a government based on Islamic principles and often opposes secular governments, viewing them as inconsistent with Islamic values.
3. Social Reform: It also engages in social services like building schools, hospitals, and charities to influence society from the grassroots level.

Why the Muslim Brotherhood is Disbanded in Saudi Arabia:

Saudi Arabia has taken a hard stance against the Muslim Brotherhood for several reasons:

1. Threat to Monarchical Rule: The Muslim Brotherhood's political activism and opposition to secular or non-Islamic rule present a challenge to Saudi Arabia's absolute monarchy. The Brotherhood advocates for political participation and elections, which could undermine the legitimacy of the Saudi monarchy, which rules based on hereditary succession.

2. Different Interpretations of Islam: While both Saudi Arabia and the Muslim Brotherhood claim to promote Islamic governance, their interpretations of Islam differ. Saudi Arabia adheres to Wahhabism, a strict and conservative form of Sunni Islam. The Brotherhood, while Islamist, is often seen as less rigid and more adaptable to modern political institutions, which the Saudi leadership views as a threat to its religious authority.

3. Terrorism Concerns: Saudi Arabia and several other Gulf states consider the Muslim Brotherhood to be a terrorist organization, linking it to extremist movements across the region. While the Brotherhood officially denounces violence, its offshoots and related groups in various countries, like Hamas in Palestine, have engaged in violent resistance, contributing to this perception.

4. Geopolitical Alliances: The Muslim Brotherhood has historically enjoyed support from Qatar and Turkey, which are regional rivals of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia's disbandment and opposition to the Brotherhood are partly influenced by its broader geopolitical alliances and its desire to curb the influence of Qatar and Turkey in the region.

5. Arab Spring and Political Islam: During the Arab Spring (2011), the Muslim Brotherhood gained political traction in several countries, notably Egypt, where Mohamed Morsi, a Brotherhood member, became president. Saudi Arabia viewed this rise in political Islam as a threat to its own stability and moved to disband and suppress the organization domestically and regionally.

In 2014, Saudi Arabia officially designated the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization, a move followed by other countries like Egypt and the UAE.The Muslim Brotherhood operates as a transnational Islamist organization, blending religious activism with political engagement, social welfare, and grassroots mobilization. Although its methods and structures vary by country, its core strategies and operations generally follow a consistent pattern.

Key Operational Features of the Muslim Brotherhood:

1. Hierarchical Structure: The Muslim Brotherhood is organized into a disciplined and hierarchical structure, with local branches reporting to a central leadership. The head of the organization is known as the Supreme Guide (Murshid al-Aam), who oversees all the Brotherhood's global activities. National chapters operate autonomously but remain connected to the broader ideology and objectives of the movement.

2. Cell-based Networks: The Brotherhood operates through a network of cells or Usras (meaning "family" in Arabic), which consist of small, tightly knit groups of members. These cells serve as the basic unit of the organization's structure, ensuring operational secrecy and fostering a strong sense of loyalty among members.

3. Political Engagement: The Muslim Brotherhood has historically pursued political participation through both legal and underground means, depending on the political environment of a given country. For example, in Egypt, the Brotherhood contested elections through political parties, such as the Freedom and Justice Party after the 2011 revolution. However, in countries where it is banned, the Brotherhood operates clandestinely, focusing on community engagement and indirect influence on political discourse.

4. Social Welfare and Charity: One of the Brotherhood's most important strategies is to build grassroots support by providing social services, particularly in areas where government services are lacking. This includes running schools, hospitals, charities, and vocational programs. By offering these services, the organization garners loyalty and support from communities and expands its influence, especially among the poor and middle classes.

5. Religious Education and Propagation (Dawah): The Brotherhood places great emphasis on Islamic education and preaching (Dawah). It aims to raise religious awareness and encourage adherence to Islamic values in society. Through mosques, educational institutions, and media channels, the organization promotes a vision of Islam that aligns with its ideology, advocating for the implementation of Sharia law.

6. Global Network and Affiliates: The Muslim Brotherhood has established affiliates and branches in many countries, including Jordan, Syria, Sudan, Tunisia, and the Palestinian territories (where Hamas, a militant Islamist organization, is often considered a branch of the Brotherhood). These affiliates often operate under local names but follow the broader ideological framework of the Muslim Brotherhood, with a shared commitment to Islamic governance and societal reform.

7. Media and Communication: The Brotherhood has invested heavily in media to spread its message. It operates websites, newspapers, TV channels, and social media platforms, using these tools to shape public opinion, counter government narratives, and mobilize supporters. This media presence allows the organization to remain relevant and active, even when banned from formal political processes.

8. Adaptability and Pragmatism: One of the Brotherhood’s strengths is its ability to adapt to different political climates. In some countries, it operates as a non-violent political organization, while in others, it supports resistance movements or adopts a more covert, underground presence. This adaptability allows the group to survive repression and maintain its influence across a wide array of political contexts.

Activities in Different Countries:

1. Egypt: Egypt is the birthplace of the Brotherhood, and it has long been a dominant force in Egyptian politics and society. After years of being banned, it gained significant political power after the 2011 Arab Spring, culminating in the election of Mohamed Morsi as president. However, Morsi was deposed by the military in 2013, and the Brotherhood was subsequently banned and heavily repressed in Egypt, with many of its leaders imprisoned or exiled.

2. Palestine: In Palestine, the Brotherhood’s offshoot, Hamas, blends Islamist ideology with armed resistance against Israeli occupation. While maintaining the Brotherhood’s social and religious activism, Hamas is also a militant organization, unlike many of the Brotherhood’s other affiliates.

3. Jordan: In Jordan, the Muslim Brotherhood operates as a legal opposition movement and is heavily involved in politics. Its political wing, the Islamic Action Front (IAF), often participates in elections, though it faces government restrictions.

4. Tunisia: Tunisia’s branch of the Brotherhood, Ennahda, evolved into a moderate Islamist political party that played a key role in the country’s post-Arab Spring democratic transition. Unlike other branches, Ennahda has openly embraced democratic processes, working within the framework of Tunisia's political system.

5. Gulf States (Saudi Arabia, UAE): In Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the Brotherhood is banned and considered a terrorist organization. In these states, it operates clandestinely or through alliances with sympathetic organizations, though it is heavily repressed.

Ideological and Strategic Evolution:

While the Muslim Brotherhood began as a religious and social movement, it has gradually evolved into a more complex organization with political, social, and sometimes militant dimensions. Its ideology has also shifted in various contexts:

• Nonviolence vs. Militancy: The Brotherhood, particularly in Egypt, has officially renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals. However, some of its offshoots, such as Hamas, have taken a more militant approach, showing that the organization can adapt its strategies based on local conditions.

• Pragmatism in Politics: Over the decades, the Brotherhood has increasingly engaged in mainstream politics, particularly in countries like Egypt, Tunisia, and Jordan, advocating for gradual reform rather than immediate Islamic revolution. However, this pragmatic approach has also led to divisions within the movement, as more hardline members accuse the leadership of compromising core Islamist principles for political power.

Challenges:

The Muslim Brotherhood faces significant challenges today, including:

• Government Repression: In many countries, the Brotherhood is either banned or faces heavy government restrictions, leading to the arrest or exile of its members.

• Internal Divisions: There are internal tensions between those who favor political engagement and gradual reform, and more radical elements who advocate for direct confrontation with the state or use of force.

• International Pressure: Countries like Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE have pressured other governments to suppress Brotherhood activities, framing it as a terrorist organization. This limits the organization's ability to operate freely across borders.

In summary, the Muslim Brotherhood operates through a combination of political activism, grassroots social services, religious outreach, and strategic adaptability. While its influence has fluctuated due to political repression and regional conflicts, it remains one of the most prominent Islamist movements globally.

Support System

The Muslim Brotherhood, as a transnational Islamist organization, has received support from various countries, political groups, and segments of society throughout its history. However, this support varies by region, political context, and time period. The organization has a complex web of alliances and backing from different actors, which can generally be categorized into domestic supporters, regional allies, and international backers.

1. Domestic Supporters:

The Muslim Brotherhood garners significant support from several social and political groups within the countries where it operates.

• Lower and Middle Classes: The Brotherhood has traditionally drawn substantial support from poorer segments of society and the middle class. This is largely due to its extensive social welfare programs, which provide healthcare, education, and other services in areas where governments may be ineffective or absent.
• Religious Conservatives: The Brotherhood’s commitment to Islamic values and governance appeals to religiously conservative individuals who see it as a vehicle for promoting Islam in both public and private life.
• Youth and Professionals: In certain contexts, especially during periods of social upheaval like the Arab Spring, the Brotherhood has attracted young professionals and university students who are disillusioned with secular or authoritarian regimes. Its political activism and emphasis on reform resonate with those who seek both religious and political change.

2. Regional Supporters:

The Brotherhood’s support from regional actors has fluctuated over time, particularly due to the complex political dynamics in the Middle East.

• Qatar: Qatar has historically been one of the most prominent supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood. The Qatari government has provided political, financial, and media backing to Brotherhood movements, particularly through its influential news network, Al Jazeera, which has often given favorable coverage to the group and its activities. Qatar's support for the Brotherhood is part of its broader foreign policy to promote political Islam and challenge rival powers like Saudi Arabia and the UAE.

• Turkey: Under the leadership of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), Turkey has also aligned itself with the Muslim Brotherhood. Turkey’s government views the Brotherhood as a like-minded Islamist movement that promotes Islamic values and political reform, which aligns with Erdoğan’s vision of political Islam. After the 2013 coup in Egypt, which overthrew the Muslim Brotherhood-led government of Mohamed Morsi, Turkey offered asylum to many exiled Brotherhood leaders and members.

• Hamas: Hamas, the Palestinian Islamist movement that controls the Gaza Strip, is an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood. Hamas receives support from various international actors, including Qatar, and shares the Brotherhood’s ideology of political Islam, making it a natural ally of the organization. However, Hamas operates independently of the broader Brotherhood and engages in armed resistance against Israel, unlike many other Brotherhood chapters that have eschewed violence in favor of political participation.

• Islamist Movements in Tunisia and Jordan: In Tunisia, Ennahda, an Islamist political party with Brotherhood roots, receives indirect support from regional actors sympathetic to political Islam. In Jordan, the Brotherhood-affiliated Islamic Action Front (IAF) has long participated in politics, maintaining regional connections with other Brotherhood movements.

3. International Supporters:

While the Muslim Brotherhood’s influence is mainly confined to the Middle East, some international actors have provided support or allowed the group to operate within their borders.

• Exile and Diaspora Support: After crackdowns in countries like Egypt, many Muslim Brotherhood leaders and members have fled to Western countries, particularly in Europe and North America. These countries often allow them to operate freely, given their relatively liberal political environments. The Brotherhood maintains networks and affiliates in countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany, where it operates through religious and civil society organizations.

• Western Sympathizers: In the early 2010s, particularly during the Arab Spring, some Western policymakers and intellectuals viewed the Muslim Brotherhood as a potential moderate force within the spectrum of political Islam. After the fall of autocratic regimes like that of Hosni Mubarak in Egypt, many in the West hoped that the Brotherhood could help establish democratic governance in the region. This led to a brief period where Western governments engaged diplomatically with the Brotherhood, especially during Mohamed Morsi's presidency in Egypt (2012–2013).

4. Non-State Supporters:

• Islamist Organizations and Networks: Various Islamist organizations, including non-governmental religious movements and charities, have provided ideological and financial support to the Muslim Brotherhood. These groups see the Brotherhood as an embodiment of political Islam and as an organization that is working towards the goal of establishing an Islamic state based on Sharia law.

• Islamic Charities: Numerous Islamic charities have, either directly or indirectly, supported the Brotherhood's social welfare programs, which form the backbone of its grassroots influence. These charities often operate in regions where state welfare systems are weak, providing essential services that bolster the Brotherhood’s popularity.

5. Shifting Regional Dynamics:

The level of support for the Muslim Brotherhood has been highly influenced by shifting political dynamics in the Middle East:

• Before the Arab Spring (Pre-2011): The Brotherhood was often banned or repressed in many Arab states, but it continued to receive underground or covert support from sympathetic individuals and movements within countries like Egypt, Jordan, and the Gulf states.

• During the Arab Spring (2011–2013): The Arab Spring represented a turning point for the Brotherhood. In countries like Egypt and Tunisia, where authoritarian regimes were overthrown, the Brotherhood gained political legitimacy and support from both local populations and external actors, including Qatar and Turkey. This period saw increased international recognition, particularly after the Brotherhood's electoral victory in Egypt.

• Post-Arab Spring (2013–present): The overthrow of the Brotherhood-led government in Egypt in 2013 and subsequent crackdowns on Islamist movements in countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE have led to a decline in regional support for the Brotherhood. In response, Qatar and Turkey became even more vocal and prominent backers, while Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Egypt labeled the Brotherhood a terrorist organization and pressured other countries to follow suit.

Countries and Groups That Oppose the Muslim Brotherhood:

• Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia views the Muslim Brotherhood as a threat to its monarchy and religious establishment (Wahhabism). The Kingdom has labeled the Brotherhood a terrorist organization and supports efforts to suppress it regionally.

• Egypt (Post-2013): Following the military coup that deposed Mohamed Morsi in 2013, Egypt under President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi has aggressively cracked down on the Brotherhood, labeling it a terrorist organization and imprisoning thousands of its members.

• United Arab Emirates (UAE): Like Saudi Arabia, the UAE considers the Brotherhood a destabilizing force and supports efforts to combat its influence in the region. The UAE has also pressured other countries to limit the Brotherhood's activities.

In summary, the Muslim Brotherhood receives support from a combination of grassroots populations, regional allies like Qatar and Turkey, and various Islamist movements. However, this support is countered by strong opposition from key Middle Eastern powers like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE, which see the Brotherhood as a threat to their political systems and stability.

Muslim Brotherhood Charter

The Muslim Brotherhood Charter, also known as the "General Principles of the Muslim Brotherhood", outlines the organization's ideological and operational framework. The charter emphasizes Islamic governance, the importance of Sharia (Islamic law), and the Brotherhood’s goals for society and politics. Although the original charter dates back to the organization's founding in Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna, it has been modified and interpreted in various ways over the decades as the movement expanded globally. Below is a general overview of the key points that are central to the charter:

Key Principles of the Muslim Brotherhood Charter:

1. Islam as a Complete Way of Life:

   • The Muslim Brotherhood believes that Islam is a comprehensive system governing all aspects of life, including religious, political, economic, social, and cultural domains. It emphasizes that Islamic law (Sharia) should guide personal behavior, governance, and the legal system of society.

   • “Islam is the solution” is a core slogan that encapsulates the Brotherhood's belief that all political, social, and economic issues can be resolved through the application of Islamic principles.

2. Restoration of the Islamic Caliphate:

   • The Brotherhood seeks to re-establish an Islamic caliphate that unifies the Muslim world under a single Islamic government, implementing Sharia law. The charter promotes the goal of uniting Muslim countries into one Islamic state, led by a caliph, as a means of reasserting Islamic influence and independence on the global stage.

3. Implementation of Sharia Law:

   • Central to the Brotherhood’s ideology is the belief in the establishment and enforcement of Sharia as the governing law. The charter advocates for the gradual implementation of Islamic law in Muslim-majority countries and opposes secular forms of governance.

4. Gradualism (Al-Tadaruj):

   • The Brotherhood advocates for a gradual approach to political and societal change, which it refers to as “gradualism.” This involves achieving its goals through a step-by-step process, including social reform, education, and participation in the political system where possible. They often emphasize building Islamic values from the grassroots level through family, education, and community services before seeking political power.

5. Opposition to Colonialism and Western Influence:

   • The Muslim Brotherhood's charter expresses a strong opposition to colonialism and Western domination of Muslim countries. It emphasizes the need for Muslims to resist foreign influence, particularly from Western secular ideologies, and to reclaim their cultural, political, and religious independence.

6. Jihad as a Core Principle:

   • Jihad, or struggle in the cause of Islam, is central to the Brotherhood's mission. Although the term “jihad” can be understood in both spiritual and physical terms, the charter includes the concept of jihad as both an inner struggle for personal spiritual improvement and, at times, an external struggle for the defense and expansion of Islam.

   • The Brotherhood historically promoted non-violent methods of spreading Islam, but certain factions within the movement have adopted a more militant stance in specific contexts, advocating armed resistance against foreign occupiers or oppressive regimes.

7. Establishment of an Islamic State:

   • The ultimate aim of the Brotherhood is the creation of a fully Islamic state governed by Islamic principles. This includes a legal system based on Sharia, with the Quran and Sunnah as the primary sources of legislation.

8. Unity of the Muslim World:

   • The charter promotes the idea of Pan-Islamism, which is the unification of all Muslims under one political and religious system. The Brotherhood believes that this unity will strengthen the Muslim world and help counteract the divisions caused by colonialism, nationalism, and sectarianism.

9. Social Justice and Welfare:

   • The Brotherhood places significant emphasis on social justice and welfare, focusing on addressing poverty, inequality, and corruption. Through its extensive network of charities, hospitals, schools, and social services, the Brotherhood works to meet the basic needs of disadvantaged and marginalized communities. This social service work helps to build grassroots support for the organization.

10. Islamic Education and Moral Reform:

• The Brotherhood emphasizes the importance of Islamic education in shaping the next generation of Muslims. This includes both formal religious education and the moral and spiritual reform of individuals and families to align with Islamic principles. The Brotherhood believes that by creating an Islamic society from the ground up, the broader political system will naturally follow suit.

11. Political Participation and Non-Violent Resistance:

• In recent decades, particularly in countries like Egypt, Tunisia, and Jordan, the Muslim Brotherhood has participated in the political process, running in elections and forming political parties. The charter allows for such political participation as a means of advancing the organization's goals, though it insists that these activities must always align with Islamic principles.

• While the Brotherhood has historically advocated for non-violent methods of achieving its objectives, certain offshoots and affiliates have resorted to militancy or armed struggle, especially in response to state repression or foreign occupation.

Political and Ideological Goals:

The Muslim Brotherhood’s charter provides the ideological foundation for its long-term political and religious goals. These goals include:

• The spread of Islamic values through society.
• The establishment of Islamic governance in Muslim-majority countries.
• The eventual unification of the Muslim world under a caliphate.
• The defense of Muslim lands and interests from Western or foreign influence.

Adaptations and Regional Variations:

While the core principles of the Muslim Brotherhood remain consistent, the specific political strategies and public messaging can vary depending on the country. For example:

• In Egypt, the Brotherhood evolved to form political parties like the Freedom and Justice Party and initially participated in elections following the 2011 revolution.
• In Jordan and Tunisia, Brotherhood-affiliated political parties like the Islamic Action Front and Ennahda also pursue electoral politics, focusing on gradual reforms and collaboration with other political forces.

However, in other countries where the Brotherhood faces repression, such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE, it often operates clandestinely, focusing on underground movements and social programs.

Controversy and Reactions:

The Muslim Brotherhood’s charter and principles have sparked controversy, especially in countries where the organization is seen as a threat to secular governance or monarchies. Countries like Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE have labeled the Brotherhood a terrorist organization, accusing it of fostering extremism and working to undermine state authority. Other countries, like Turkey and Qatar, have been more supportive of the Brotherhood, viewing it as a legitimate political force.

The Muslim Brotherhood’s charter outlines its commitment to establishing an Islamic state governed by Sharia law through a combination of social reform, political participation, and grassroots mobilization. Its principles of political Islam, gradualism, and social justice have attracted both significant support and opposition, shaping the movement’s evolution and influence across the Middle East and beyond.

Structure

The Muslim Brotherhood is a highly organized and hierarchical movement with a clear internal structure designed to facilitate its political, social, and religious goals. Although the organization is decentralized across different countries, the general structure of the Brotherhood follows similar patterns in most regions. Here's an overview of how the Muslim Brotherhood is structured:

1. Supreme Guide (General Leader):

• At the top of the Muslim Brotherhood’s organizational structure is the Supreme Guide (General Leader), also known as the "Murshid al-'Am". The Supreme Guide serves as the head of the entire Muslim Brotherhood and provides overall strategic direction and leadership.
• The Supreme Guide is elected for a term, though historically, many leaders have held the position for life or extended periods.
• He represents the organization publicly and is responsible for ensuring that all branches and chapters remain faithful to the Brotherhood’s core ideology and principles.
• The Supreme Guide also has significant influence over decisions related to political strategy, international relations, and interactions with governments and other organizations.

2. General Shura Council (Consultative Assembly):

• The Shura Council is the primary decision-making body of the Muslim Brotherhood. It operates as a consultative assembly that advises the Supreme Guide and helps determine the organization's policies and strategies.
• The Shura Council is made up of representatives from various branches of the Brotherhood, including leaders from different regions and countries. Its members are typically elected or appointed from within the organization.
• The Shura Council oversees internal governance, political participation, and long-term strategies for advancing the Brotherhood’s mission.
• Decisions within the Shura Council are often made through consultation and consensus, reflecting the Brotherhood's Islamic commitment to Shura (consultation) as a form of decision-making.

3. Executive Bureau (Guidance Office):

• The Executive Bureau (also known as the Guidance Office or "Maktab al-Irshad") functions as the executive branch of the Muslim Brotherhood. It is responsible for implementing the decisions and policies set by the Supreme Guide and the Shura Council.
• The Executive Bureau oversees the day-to-day management of the Brotherhood’s activities, including political operations, social programs, and outreach efforts.
• This office is typically composed of senior leaders and trusted advisors, often individuals with significant experience in both religious and political affairs.
• The Bureau works closely with local branches and cells to ensure cohesion and alignment with the broader organizational goals.

4. Local Branches and Regional Leadership:

• The Muslim Brotherhood is organized into local branches in countries where it operates. Each country has its own leadership structure, often mirroring the central organization, with a local leader and shura council.
• These branches operate semi-autonomously, adapting the Brotherhood’s principles to the local political and social context. However, they remain connected to the broader international movement and are expected to adhere to its general objectives.
• Regional Leaders (sometimes called "General Supervisors") oversee the Brotherhood's activities in specific regions or countries. These leaders are responsible for directing the efforts of local chapters and ensuring their alignment with the global leadership's strategies.
• In some countries, these local chapters are involved in political parties, civil society organizations, charitable work, and religious outreach. In other countries, particularly where the Brotherhood is banned, these branches operate covertly or through informal networks.

5. Cell Structure (Usra System):

• The Usra system (meaning "family") is the grassroots organizational structure of the Muslim Brotherhood. It consists of small, tightly-knit cells or groups that meet regularly to study Islamic principles, discuss strategy, and reinforce the Brotherhood’s ideological mission.
• Each Usra is composed of a small number of members (typically 5-10), and every member is assigned specific roles within the group. The Usra serves as a foundational unit for personal spiritual development, recruitment, and organizational growth.
• Usra members are closely monitored for loyalty and dedication to the Brotherhood’s cause. They are also tasked with recruiting new members, spreading the Brotherhood’s message, and participating in local community service.
• The Usra structure allows the Brotherhood to operate efficiently at a grassroots level, even in environments where it faces government repression or social opposition.

6. Specialized Committees:

The Muslim Brotherhood also operates through various specialized committees that focus on different areas of social and political life. These committees handle everything from education and media outreach to charitable activities and political engagement.

• Political Committee: Focuses on the Brotherhood’s political activities, including running in elections (where permitted), forming alliances with other political groups, and advocating for policies that align with Islamic values.
• Social Welfare Committee: Manages the Brotherhood’s extensive network of social services, including schools, hospitals, and charities. This committee plays a crucial role in gaining grassroots support by providing essential services to poor and marginalized communities.
• Media and Public Relations Committee: Handles the Brotherhood’s media presence, public messaging, and propaganda efforts. This committee helps craft the Brotherhood’s image, especially in countries where it participates in politics, and responds to accusations or critiques from governments and other groups.
• Education and Training Committee: Responsible for developing educational programs that align with Islamic values. This includes running Brotherhood-affiliated schools and universities and organizing religious education and leadership training for members.
• International Affairs Committee: This committee oversees the Brotherhood’s relations with other Islamist movements and foreign governments, particularly in countries where it has a presence or faces persecution. The committee plays a key role in coordinating with Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated groups abroad.

7. Youth and Student Wings:

• The Brotherhood places great emphasis on youth and student engagement, as younger generations are seen as crucial to the future of the movement. Many countries where the Brotherhood operates have dedicated youth wings and student branches that focus on recruiting and mobilizing younger members.
• The Muslim Brotherhood Youth Movement plays an active role in political activism, often participating in protests, social movements, and campaigns for social justice. These youth movements are responsible for spreading the Brotherhood’s ideology in universities and schools, as well as organizing outreach and recruitment drives.
• In countries like Egypt, youth movements linked to the Brotherhood were highly active during events like the Arab Spring and have historically been involved in organizing demonstrations and resistance against authoritarian regimes.

8. Affiliated Organizations:

• In addition to its formal structure, the Muslim Brotherhood operates through a wide network of affiliated organizations that extend its influence into various sectors of society. These organizations are often focused on specific issues, such as education, charity, politics, or media.
• Notable examples include the Hamas movement in Palestine, which is an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, and various political parties in countries like Tunisia (Ennahda), Jordan (Islamic Action Front), and Morocco.
• These affiliates are part of the broader Muslim Brotherhood international network, which allows the movement to adapt its strategies and operations to local contexts while maintaining a shared ideological vision.

9. International Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood:

• The Muslim Brotherhood maintains an international dimension, known as the International Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood. This body coordinates the activities of Brotherhood-affiliated groups around the world, especially in countries where they face repression or political isolation.
• The International Organization facilitates communication between the Brotherhood’s national branches and ensures that the movement maintains a unified ideological and strategic framework despite its decentralized nature.
• International coordination is particularly important in regions where the Brotherhood is banned, as it allows exiled leaders and members to continue their activities abroad and lobby for international support.

The Muslim Brotherhood’s structure is both hierarchical and decentralized, allowing it to operate effectively at local, national, and international levels. It is organized from the top-down, with a Supreme Guide and consultative Shura Council at the helm, while its grassroots activities are conducted through small, tightly-knit cells known as Usra. The movement’s ability to adapt its structure to different political environments, and its focus on gradual social and political reform, has enabled it to survive and expand across many regions, despite facing significant repression in various countries.

Funding

The Muslim Brotherhood funds its activities through a diverse range of sources, including donations, business ventures, charitable organizations, and international support. As a decentralized organization operating in multiple countries, the Brotherhood’s funding streams can vary depending on the political and social context. Here are the primary ways in which the Muslim Brotherhood raises funds:

1. Donations from Members and Supporters:

• Membership Dues: The Muslim Brotherhood has a structured membership system where members are often expected to contribute financially to the organization. These contributions can be mandatory dues or voluntary donations, and they help sustain local and national chapters of the group.
• Wealthy Supporters: The Brotherhood has historically received financial backing from wealthy businessmen and individuals who are sympathetic to its Islamist ideology. These donors may support the Brotherhood's social, political, or charitable projects, both domestically and internationally.

2. Islamic Charities and Non-Profit Organizations:

The Muslim Brotherhood often operates through or partners with Islamic charities and non-profit organizations, which provide a significant source of funding. Many of these organizations have legal status in countries where the Brotherhood operates, making it easier for them to raise funds and channel resources into community-based projects.

• Zakat (Islamic Charity): In Islam, Zakat is an obligatory form of charitable giving. The Brotherhood has often been involved in collecting Zakat, especially in countries where it operates social welfare programs. These funds are used to support the organization’s charitable work, such as building schools, running hospitals, and providing food and aid to the poor, which in turn boosts its popularity and influence.
• Islamic Relief and Humanitarian Organizations: The Brotherhood has ties to various Islamic humanitarian organizations, some of which operate internationally. These organizations can act as fundraising arms, soliciting donations from Muslims worldwide, particularly in countries with large Muslim populations. While these charities officially focus on humanitarian aid, some of the funds may be used to support Brotherhood-affiliated projects or causes.

3. Businesses and Investments:

The Muslim Brotherhood has a history of engaging in business ventures to sustain its operations. In countries like Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia, the organization and its members have invested in businesses that generate revenue for the movement.

• Private Enterprises: Many Brotherhood members are successful businessmen who contribute a portion of their profits to the organization. These businesses range from small enterprises to large-scale operations, including real estate, construction, manufacturing, and agriculture. For example, in Egypt, some Brotherhood members owned businesses that funded local chapters and their charitable efforts.
• Global Business Networks: Due to crackdowns in some countries, the Brotherhood and its affiliates have expanded their economic activities internationally. Some Brotherhood-affiliated businesses operate in Europe, North America, and the Gulf, using these businesses to generate funds that are then channeled back to the organization.

4. External State Support:

The Brotherhood has received financial and political support from foreign states sympathetic to its ideology, particularly from Qatar and Turkey.

• Qatar: Qatar has been one of the most prominent state supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, providing financial assistance to Brotherhood-affiliated groups and movements across the Middle East. Through its vast wealth, derived from natural gas exports, Qatar has funded Brotherhood-linked political movements, media outlets, and charities. Additionally, the Qatari government has offered sanctuary to Brotherhood members who have been exiled from other countries, particularly Egypt after the 2013 coup.
• Turkey: Under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkey has supported the Muslim Brotherhood as part of its broader strategy to promote political Islam in the region. Although Turkey’s financial support is less direct compared to Qatar, it has provided logistical backing and political asylum to exiled Brotherhood members and leaders. Turkish businesses and organizations linked to the Brotherhood also help generate financial resources.

5. Crowdfunding and Online Donations:

With the rise of digital platforms, the Muslim Brotherhood and its affiliates have increasingly turned to online fundraising. This allows the organization to solicit donations from supporters across the world, often using Islamic rhetoric and appeals to religious duty to encourage giving.

• Online Crowdfunding Platforms: In recent years, the Brotherhood and its allies have used online crowdfunding platforms to raise money, especially during times of crisis, such as natural disasters, wars, or political crackdowns. These platforms make it easy for the organization to reach a global audience, particularly in the Muslim diaspora.
• Social Media Campaigns: The Brotherhood uses social media to spread awareness about its causes and to solicit donations from supporters. These platforms also help the Brotherhood bypass restrictions in countries where it may be banned or face financial scrutiny.

6. Diaspora Funding:

The Muslim Brotherhood has a strong base of support among the Muslim diaspora, particularly in Western countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. Many of these communities have members who sympathize with the Brotherhood’s vision of political Islam and provide financial contributions to support its work.

• Religious Centers and Mosques: In some cases, Brotherhood-affiliated mosques and Islamic centers in Western countries act as hubs for fundraising. These institutions can collect donations from congregants under the banner of supporting humanitarian causes, education, or Islamic outreach, with some of the funds channeled back to the Brotherhood.
• Exiled Leaders: After crackdowns in countries like Egypt and Saudi Arabia, many Brotherhood leaders have relocated to Europe and North America. These exiled leaders continue to organize and fundraise within diaspora communities, keeping the movement financially viable even when facing repression at home.

7. Real Estate and Investments in Islamic Institutions:

The Brotherhood and its affiliated organizations have long invested in real estate and Islamic institutions, particularly in countries where they have a significant presence. These investments often generate steady revenue streams that fund the organization’s activities.

• Educational Institutions: The Brotherhood has historically established Islamic schools, universities, and educational institutions. These institutions not only promote the Brotherhood’s ideology but also serve as financial assets, generating income through tuition fees and donations.
• Endowments (Waqf): Some Brotherhood-affiliated institutions may receive funding from Islamic endowments, known as Waqf. These are religious trusts set up to fund charitable, educational, and religious activities. The Waqf system is a traditional means of financing Islamic movements and institutions, and the Brotherhood has tapped into these funds to support its activities.

8. Informal Economy and Underground Networks:

In countries where the Muslim Brotherhood is banned or faces heavy restrictions, the organization has been known to operate through informal networks, which are harder for governments to monitor and regulate.

• Cash-Based Donations: To avoid government scrutiny and financial tracking, the Brotherhood often relies on cash-based donations. In many parts of the world, particularly in the Middle East, cash transactions are common, making it easier for the Brotherhood to operate under the radar.
• Smuggling and Illicit Networks: In certain cases, particularly in conflict zones, the Brotherhood or its affiliates may have connections to informal or illicit networks. For example, Hamas, which is linked to the Muslim Brotherhood, has been known to engage in smuggling operations in Gaza to fund its activities, though the Brotherhood as a whole tends to avoid direct involvement in criminal enterprises.

Challenges and Scrutiny of Funding:

The Muslim Brotherhood’s funding mechanisms have come under scrutiny from various governments and international organizations, particularly after the rise of political Islam in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. Several countries, including Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and the United States, have accused the Brotherhood of using charity organizations and businesses as fronts for extremist activities or funding terrorism. This has led to financial crackdowns, asset freezes, and the banning of Brotherhood-affiliated organizations in several countries.

• Anti-Terror Financing Laws: Countries like the U.S. and many in Europe have implemented strict anti-terror financing laws, which have targeted the financial networks of organizations linked to the Brotherhood. This has made it more difficult for the Brotherhood to raise funds openly in certain countries, leading it to rely more on covert methods or external state support.

• Bans and Crackdowns: In countries like Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, where the Brotherhood is banned, its assets have been confiscated, and its businesses have been shut down. In response, the Brotherhood has had to find alternative, often more clandestine, ways of securing financial resources.

The Muslim Brotherhood funds its operations through a combination of donations, business ventures, Islamic charities, and support from state actors like Qatar and Turkey. Despite facing financial restrictions and government crackdowns in many countries, the organization’s decentralized and adaptable nature allows it to maintain financial viability through a broad array of funding sources. This financial flexibility has been key to its survival and continued influence across different regions.

On Anti-Semitism

The Muslim Brotherhood has faced accusations of fostering anti-Semitic sentiments and being involved in terrorist activities, particularly through its affiliates and associated groups. Here’s an overview of these accusations and instances of involvement:

1. Anti-Semitic Sentiments:

• The Muslim Brotherhood has been criticized for promoting anti-Semitic rhetoric through its literature, speeches, and media outlets. This has often included portraying Jews and Israel in a negative light, sometimes using harmful stereotypes and conspiracy theories.

• Charter Statements: The original charter of the Muslim Brotherhood, established in 1928, includes references to Jews that have been interpreted as anti-Semitic. For example, it mentions a belief in a Jewish conspiracy against Islam and Muslims. Although the Brotherhood has attempted to distance itself from explicit anti-Semitism in recent years, some of its foundational texts continue to be cited as evidence of these sentiments.

• Notable Figures: Prominent Brotherhood leaders, such as Rached Ghannouchi of the Tunisian Ennahda party and others, have made statements that many interpret as anti-Semitic, often in the context of condemning Israeli actions in Palestinian territories.

• Media Outlets: Various media outlets affiliated with the Brotherhood have published articles and broadcasts that are seen as perpetuating anti-Semitic themes. Some affiliated organizations have been accused of promoting Holocaust denial or minimizing its impact.

2. Involvement in Terrorist Activities:

• The Muslim Brotherhood itself has generally maintained a stance against violence and emphasizes political engagement and social reform. However, several affiliates and offshoots, particularly Hamas, have been involved in militant activities.

• Hamas: Founded in 1987 during the First Intifada, Hamas is an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood and is widely recognized for its military activities against Israel. The group has carried out numerous attacks, including suicide bombings, rocket fire, and other forms of violence, against Israeli civilians and military targets.

  • In 2006, Hamas won legislative elections in the Palestinian territories, further solidifying its power and influence. Despite its political role, it continues to engage in armed conflict, leading to accusations of terrorism.

• Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Violence: While the Brotherhood has historically distanced itself from terrorism, some factions have resorted to violence, particularly during periods of government repression.

  • In the aftermath of the 2013 military coup that ousted President Mohamed Morsi, there were widespread protests and violent clashes, resulting in numerous deaths. The Egyptian government designated the Brotherhood a terrorist organization, claiming that its supporters engaged in acts of violence against state security forces and civilians.

• Allegations of Support for Extremist Groups: Various governments, especially in the Middle East, have accused the Muslim Brotherhood of supporting or harboring extremist groups that engage in terrorism.

  • For instance, the UAE and Saudi Arabia have labeled the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization and have linked it to groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS, suggesting that it provides ideological support to more radical factions.

3. References to Previous Involvement:

• Literature: The Brotherhood's literature has been scrutinized for promoting extremist ideologies. For example, the writings of its founder, Hassan al-Banna, and subsequent leaders often include references that can be interpreted as anti-Jewish or inciting violence against those deemed enemies of Islam.

• Reports and Accusations: Several reports from governments and organizations have documented instances of violence linked to the Brotherhood or its affiliates:

  • U.S. State Department: The U.S. has often highlighted the connections between the Brotherhood and groups involved in violence, particularly in its annual terrorism reports.
  • European Court of Justice: In various rulings, the court has considered the Brotherhood’s role in terrorism, particularly in relation to Hamas, which it identifies as a terrorist organization.

• Public Statements by Leaders: Statements from Brotherhood leaders have been used to justify violent resistance against perceived enemies, including Israel. These statements are sometimes cited in discussions about the organization’s radicalization.

Conclusion:

The Muslim Brotherhood’s relationship with anti-Semitic rhetoric and terrorist activities is complex. While the organization publicly maintains a non-violent stance and focuses on political engagement, its affiliates, particularly Hamas, have been involved in armed resistance against Israel and have engaged in violent acts. 

Additionally, the Brotherhood has faced scrutiny for anti-Semitic statements and literature, which have contributed to its controversial reputation. Governments and scholars continue to debate the extent of the Brotherhood’s responsibility for violence and its ideological implications for broader Islamist movements.